Protecting Young Childrens Welfare Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Protecting Young Childrens Welfare - Essay Example The abuse maybe inflicted by adults, caregivers, acquaintances and at times by other children also. (DoH et al 2006). The protection of a child from maltreatment constitutes a step towards the welfare of the child, and it is especially important to take care of small vulnerable children. A child is said to be vulnerable when there is no assurance of satisfactory development of health. (section 17 (10) of the Children Act 1989). It is imperative that all caregivers give paramount importance to the fact that children are being encouraged to develop in conditions which are conducive to their welfare and protection. This will ensure that they enter adulthood with great confidence and on a sure footing. The issue of safety and protection for children has been the focus of child care agencies for a long time, but the crucial role they play and their duty towards children’s welfare has been brought into the limelight by certain tragic cases wherein the child had died due to negligence on the part of the caregivers. The death of Victoria Climbe made the government sit up and take serious note of the issue. Following the report prepared subsequent to the investigations, many hard facts about child safeguard programs have come up for review. The report that was published revealed that although the Children Act of 1989 is comprehensive, it fails due to improper interpretation and inefficient implementation. The staff in Area Child Protection Committees is often hampered due to inefficient authority and lack of resources. Apart from this, very often caregivers do not know whether they should classify the children as â€Å" in need† or as a case for ‘child protection†. Thus , in order to create a system which is effective in containing this defect, organizations have to pool in their resources and come together to improve the child’s safety net. They must guess the need for protection

Eng Compare and Contrast Essay Example for Free

Eng Compare and Contrast Essay This paper will be examining two theories on personality development; Sigmund Freud’s argument on the three structures of personality and Albert Bandura’s findings on social learning also called observational learning (Witt Mossler, 2010). Sigmund Freud the neurologist based his study on his grown mental patients while Albert Bandura the psychologist based his theory on observing young children within pre-set environments. Both Sigmund Freud and Albert Bandura have two different academic approaches to personality development. Sigmund Freud presented structured mental tendencies (Id, Ego and Super-ego) on personality development while on the other hand Albert Bandura stressed on external influences. Both theories have credible contrasting as well as similar assumptions. A theory can be defined as, â€Å"A coherent set of ideas that helps to explain data and make predictions† (Santrock, 1989, p. 33). Santrock further explained that a theory makes assumptions that can be tested to determine their accuracy. Personality, according to the Oxford Dictionary from http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/personality is the combination of characteristics or qualities that form an individual’s distinctive character. In other words it is the combination of mental, emotional and physical character traits that are peculiar to an individual. The Oxford Dictionary also defined development as â€Å"A specified state of growth or advancement; or a change in situation.† Both Freud’s and Bandura’s theories are based on personality development. Sigmund Freud presented an argument that man’s personality is mainly governed by three different levels of consciousness or mental state; the id, the ego and the super-ego. He argued that the id is a demanding inborn force that drives a newborn to desire food, pass urine, defecate, be warm and gain sexual pleasure. He went on further to argue that the id demands immediate gratification and personal pleasure. It usually wants satisfaction and is ruled by what Freud called the pleasure principle. Freud presented the argument that this kind of self-gratifying behavior in infants is inborn not learned. For example, a young child will shamelessly play with its genitals in pursuit of the pleasure it receives. This child will seek this sexual pleasure regardless of where he/she is, or who is watching because according to Freud’s theory, the id is totally unconscious (Santrock, 1989, p. 34). While on the other hand, Albert Bandura did not present any argument on the children’s inborn nature (Witt Mossler, 2010). However, Bandura focused his study on how external forces such as caregivers and other children around them affected children’s behavior. He argued and demonstrated in his experiments that children carefully observed and modeled or copied the behavior of others around them. He went on further to suggest that those children who watched television also modeled the behavior that they witnessed on the screen. Dr. Bandura demonstrated in his experiment, how children learned and copied aggressive behavior towards a toy clown. He placed the clown along with many other toys and the children in a room. As part of the experiment, several adults walked through the room, each one hitting the clown in passing. The children in the room, after observing the adult behavior, modeled it by hitting the clown without any prompting or provocation. Unlike Sigmund Freud, Albert Bandura had no medical explanation attached to his assumptions. Freud’s next level is the super-ego. It is the conscience that governs behavior that is socially accepted. It is the level that teaches humans to imitate the behavior of his/her caregivers within the environment (Witt Mossler, 2010, p. 5 chapter 2). Similarly Bandura’s social learning states that children imitate the adults around them. This means that their super-ego governs their behavior just as Freud claimed. This is illustrated when girls play dress-up to look just like their mothers and boys display aggressive behavior just like their fathers. This means that Freud’s argument on super-ego which is formed through social learning is the same as Bandura’s observational learning (Witt Mossler, 2010). Freud’s final mental level of personality is the conscious mind named the ego; it balances the demands of the id and the super-ego. According to Freud, the ego makes rational decisions (Santrock, 1989 p. 34). An example of this is a New Yorker’s internal drive (id) to avoid buying a train ticket and jump over the turnstile at the subway station. The super-ego cautions against that behavior because of the probability of getting caught while the conscious, rational ego points away from the long line at the ticket counter and towards ticket vending machines that are available. The ego satisfies both the id (got on the train) and the super-ego (acted within the law). Similarly, Bandura’s social learning theory speaks to conforming to social behavior within the children’s environment (Witt Mossler, 2010). In that the children in his experiments were conforming whether in a good or bad way; the ego will respond to the super-ego (good or evil). Therefore, it can be argued Sigmund Freud the medical doctor/neurologist who based his study on his mentally ill adult patients and Albert Bandura the psychologist who pre-set modeled behavior before young children both arrived at credible assumptions. In most parts, the assumptions have similarities despite Freud’s medical approach as against Bandura’s psychological social environment approach. A significant contrast is the age difference of the subjects that they studied; Freud’s adults and Bandura’s young children. Dr. Sigmund Freud presented structured mental tendencies (Id, Ego and Super-ego) on personality development while on the other hand Dr. Albert Bandura stressed on external influences. Both theories have credible contrasting as well as similar assumptions. REFERENCE http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/personality Santrock, J. W. (1995). Life-Span Development. Dubuque, IA: Brown Benchmark Witt, G. A., Mossler, R. A. (2010). Adult Development Life Assessment. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education Inc

Une Petite Mort: Death, Love and Liminality in the Fiction of Ali Smith :: Ali Smith Death Love Essays

Death, Love and Liminality in the Fiction of Ali Smith The morbid marriage of love and death is not an original topic to postmodernist writing or to Scottish literature. Diverse forms of literature from Greek myth to Shakespearian tragedies have hosted stories of tragic love and romantic deaths, with varying nuances of darkness and romance. Nonetheless, this paper will attempt to establish a link between Ali Smith’s writing, postmodernist fiction and Scottish fantasy, while looking at the topic of love and death in conjunction with the concept of liminality. Liminality (from the Latin limen: limit) is an intermediate state, it refers to passage rituals and to existence between borders. Stories of love and death often suggest the abrupt interruption of the former because of the sudden occurrence of the latter. Sometimes, however, love and death share the same intermediate dimension between life and afterlife: the liminal stage. As this paper will stress, Smith’s writing deals with love and death in the context of liminality. Characters’ identities fluctuate and sometimes crumble altogether. Rational boundaries of time and space lose coherence. Stories develop in the uncanny limbo left after a death or some other form of disappearance. It is in this liminal dimension that love and death are sinisterly married in Smith’s work. When asked to comment on the love and death motif in her stories, Smith admitted that the two are closely related. In her words: Of course love and death are linked, from the French notion of orgasmic small death through the metaphysical poets all the way to something Winterson sums up in the perfect opening sentence, in Written on the Body: ‘why is the measure of love loss?’ (Germanà  , p.370) In Smith’s fiction, ‘petite mort’ is a more complex motif than the French metaphor for sexual climax. In her stories the trope of love and death does not refer only to the erotic sphere of love. In fact, because of its close relationship to liminality, the traditional topic acquires a more metaphysical twist throughout Smith’s fiction. The coexistence of love and death questions the boundaries between life and death, overcomes the threshold of the physical world to reach beyond this limit, and explores all the possibilities in between. In fact, death often seems to be a paradoxical vehicle through which life and love are manifested and asserted. The notion that death may overcome the borders between life and afterlife suggests a deeper analysis of the concept of liminality.

Unbalanced work

The cause of the problem in my department is the unbalanced work load between two secretaries, Jack Snyder, who is providing support to two executive members, Ralph Alane & Jessica Hilo, and Ruth Disselkoen who is providing support to other two executive members, Samuel Daley & Frank Daley. During the long time medical leave of Jessica Hilo, 37% of the work load has been handled by a full time administrative assistant and Jack for the total 80 hours of the week, whereas 63% of the work load has been handled by a part time administrative assistant and Ruth for the total 55 hours of the week. This imbalance in work environment creates stress for Ruth who can’t perform her work perfect, at the same time, makes Jack lazy and irregular. Ruth can’t concentrate in her work even though she works for more hours and the executive members start complain. On the other hand, Jack has enough time to finish his work on time with quality without any stress. This may create friction in the department and so overall quality of the work will go down. In order to solve the issue and make the department efficient, I am very much convinced that an immediate action is required. I would like to discuss this issue with two secretaries. The aim would be to convince both of them that team work is more important than an individual responsibility. Since this is a new approach to handle the situation, initially, I will assign the work. The current practice of work assignment will be changed and the work will be considered as a department work rather than individual. The same will be conveyed to the executive members. This change will result in no overtime and improved work quality for sure.

Qantas Airways Limited Group Essay

Introduction: Qantas Airways Limited is an Australian iconic airline group engaged in the operation of international and domestic air transportation services and the provision of freight services (Market Line, 2014). The airline also associates its services with the Jetstar brand, with QantasLink, Jetstar Asia and Jetstar Pacific grouped under the same business (Passport 2013). With a 17.7% market share of international passengers in Australia (Business Monitor, 2011), the company aims to upsurge its global market position through a demanding and reconstructive approach. The company has already accomplished a notable degree of achievement locally and internationally with its significant competitive positioning and strong alliance with Emirates and previously British Airways. Though with increasing global forces bestowing as challenges for the business, Qantas has to adapt to the macro-environmental factors appropriately in turn with their internal marketing mix. Clarke (2006) stresses that in a wo rldwide economical industry, competition is fierce and costs need to be through international eyes, so an arduous analysis of the strategic pillars is needed for the sustainability and improvement of Qantas in the international market. Internal Analysis 1.1 Strategic Alliances For the improvement of global marketing performance for a company such as Qantas, a global outlook on the affiliation between market condition, marketing policies and programs and consumer response needs to be developed systematically (Davidson, 1983). The application of internal factors relating to the strategic approach Qantas has applied has developed in an enhancement of its global branding in the international aviation market. Qantas tactically formed a strategic 10-year alliance with Emirates on 31 March 2013 (Passport 2013), to further strengthen its global service across various regions around the world as well as to improve its system coverage. With its international segment continuing to be loss making (Passport 2013), retaining the international division of market share with Emirates includes a permanent shift in their network of destinations that includes Europe,  Middle East and Africa; which is evidently a geographic advantage for the airline. The relationship deems m ore significant than a fixed agreement, including integrated network collaboration with coordinated pricing, sales as well as a benefit-sharing model (Market line 2013). The partnership also coincides with their loyalty program, standardising the benefits for customers across both airlines in turn expanding their business partners on a global level. 1.2 Competitors: The generated link between market share and competitors is relatively important, as Hazledine (2011) stresses the more competitors there are, the smaller the market share. By forging an alliance with an attractive competitor like Emirates, the company has gained a stronger network in Europe, Middle East and Africa, while gaining a competitive advantage in the international aviation market. However, since the formation of this new strategic alliance, the termination with the previous partnership with British Airways has led to a change in routes and the comprise of its position with Oneworld- an alliance of the world’s leading airlines working as one (Oneworld, 2014) There has been an increase of rivalry by a number of competing airlines targeting Qantas’ lucrative international and domestic routes. Hazledine (2011), discusses that the Australian market is ‘predominately duopolistic’, with about three quarters of the routes are shared between Virgin and the remaining are Qantas’ monopolies. This implication leads to its dominance in the Australasian market being targeted by other leading aviation companies. The bulk of Qantas’ sales are from Australasia (Passport, 2013), though has been increasing interests from competing airlines seeking to capture their share hold of the region. However, with the significant investment of the expansion of Jetstar in the Asian territory, the notion of retaining a stronger consumer base will significantly intensify due to the construction of new routes with a code-sharing agreement signed with China Eastern (Passport, 2013). External analysis: 2.1 Economic conditions In order to sustain their achievement thus far, the ability to capitalise  costs and expand travel options for consumers on a global level leaves Qantas to transform its programme entirely, ‘becoming one of the world’s best premium airlines, setting global standards for long haul travel†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Mules, 2013). Though with the fluctuating inconsistencies in the global sphere, this economically impacts on the business itself. Before the economic downturn, the business illustrated the competitive pressures from Virgin Australia and various low-cost carriers flying to Australia (IBISWorld, 2014). Its competitors highly influenced the profitability of the company with Virgin Blue successfully capturing the market share from Qantas, highlighting 30% – 40% lower costs than those of Qantas (Oxenbridge et al, 2010). The combination of the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) and the inherent volatility of the aviation industry (Financial Management, 2013), meant that in te rms of economic environment, many were seeking to lower and affordable services. Jetstar, a positioned association of the Qantas brand, centres on minimizing costs through operational efficiencies (Oxenbridge et al, 2010). In recognition to this significant investment of Qantas, there has been an increased focus on Jetstar’s expansion into the Australasian region, by building stronger relationships in the effort to replicate the dominant market share of the domestic market to those in the Australasian region. Revenue evidently increased where it eventually reached the stage providing more than 100% of the Qantas group’s profits in 2009 (Danaher et al, 2011). Jetstar’s performance provides an opportunity to focus on Australian traffic into the Asian continent, as demand for low cost carriers remains high in Asia Pacific (Passport, 2013). Furthermore, the rising oil prices seem to reinstate huge challenges to the economic conditions of a company. They directly impact on the profitability of a business and has always been a major component contributing to cyclical nature of economic activity and the demand for air travel (O’Connell and Williams, 2011). With an 18% bill increase in 2012 (Market line, 2013), it pressurizes on the costs and margin of profitability of the company, which has led to an increase to internal and external costs. 2.2 Sociological factors: Moreover, it is important to recognize the severity of income levels across the heterogeneous market, which may influence sociological issues. The first  issue relates to the cost-cutting strategies which have been implemented by Qantas, including segmenting businesses, instituting pay freezes and the outsourcing of functions (Oxenbridge et al, 2010). According to Oxenbridge (2010), Qantas slashed thousands of jobs with redundancies and attrition in order to save costs and switch to lower cost providers. Due to this predicament this has led to shifting operations and agreements offshore, basing their tasks in Dubai ultimately resulting to the significant number of job cuts associated with the employment of the 5-year transformation programme (Mules, 2013). As profit margins are expected to increase with pressure, this has been an increasing implication for the company who are still establishing aggressive policies, which is ultimately affecting the suppliers and workers of the business. Furthermore, the second relates to the two-brand strategy Qantas has operated to cater for business travellers and leisure carriers. The study of global trends on an international level must be initiated in order to provide the correct service to diverse ranges of markets. With the emergence of their lower cost carrier Jetstar, the company has applied different ranges of classes to accommodate the social needs of their consumers. By operating the services of premium classes to business passengers and lower fare divisions to those of the leisure travellers, restructures the position to appeal to all consumers. 2.3 Environmental factors: Qantas’ key priority is the reduction of carbon emissions resulting in fuel burn (Holmes, 2013). Their environmental sustainability ensures the future vitality and maintenance for the company and the implementation of programs aids them to become a global environmental sustainability leader in the aviation industry (Qantas, 2014). The effect of their corporate social responsibility can be suggested through the application of minimising carbon emissions and carbon footprint through the introduction of the lower cost fleet, B787 Dreamliner. With its improved fuel efficiency, it is expected to use 20% less fuel (Passport, 2013). Human activities further reiterate climate and environmental issues, which ultimately influence the internal mix of the Qantas group. 2.4 Technological Factors: The importance of communication technology will always be of significance in regards to the tourism and airline industry (Coles and Hall, 2008).The enhancement of customer experience through the disbursement of modernised technology embedded in all carriers of Qantas has led to the rising operations of customers on a global scale. In an article relating to the key issues of the company, Holmes (2013) depicts the rewarding response in relation to the implementation of â€Å"online and mobile check-in, in-flight entertainment and electronic bag tagging† in regards to the intense global competition. The utilisation of an interactive application of RED, as well as the advanced browsing tool for frequent flyer users has been adapted to their global brand strategy in order for the improvement of quality and rewards for customers (Passport, 2013). Additionally, it has been noted that this generation of innovations is particularly reliant on information technology (IT) and communications technology (Pansiri and Courvisanos, 2010). In saying this, it is crucial for companies to navigate their views onto the online society to accommodate to a wider market. The functionality of particular social media strategies has aided Qantas to expose the brand in an online approach. With the extensive improvement of new forms and technologies, the continuing implementation of these devices is crucial for company as well as the consumer experience. 2.5 Political and legal factors: Reinforcing the fact that Qantas is a multinational company, the operation of its services must run in a highly regulated environment. Through global alliances and government regulation, the manifestation of air service agreements primarily dictates the spatial extent of the airline network (Coles and Hall, 2008). Amongst the complexity of the regulation of frameworks the aviation industry appear to regulate in, the requirement of considerable negotiations between global governments must be reiterated in some occasions when regulating their rights to specific routes and air space. Qantas continues to benefit from government protection in the Australia- Los Angeles route, where Qantas and United Airlines operate as a duopoly (Oxenbridge et al, 2010). Along with other alliances Qantas has tactically initiated, the air space is shared between Emirates, which inevitably upsurged their competition global position. Furthermore, the  implication of job security and the issues relating to Qantas’ legal dispute has created uncertainty for workers. With Qantas outsourcing their operations at a much lower rate of pay, has seized the attention of unions objectifying this notion. The major issued raised was the compatibility of the Fair Work Act in relation to the Qantas dispute. Forsyth and Stewart (2013) exemplify the issue of the ability of unions protecting their employee’s rights and jobs against the global competition of labour and outsourcing of jobs. This meant that in turn new enterprise agreements would be set out; pertaining Qantas to sought and revise their business strategy in the attempt to bargain with the unions. Nonetheless, this issue of the outsourcing of jobs is an increasing predicament resulting in long-term implications for workplace regulation in Australia (Forsyth and Stewart, 2013). Conclusion In this strenuous analysis, the difficulty of bestowing challenges faced upon Qantas has led to a tactical approach of forming alliances with the largest competitor in the aviation market. However, the application of internal and external factors must be applied in order to retain their market position. With its dominance of market share in the domestic market and increasing nature in the international segment, Qantas has the growth and potential to endure global forces imposing strategic approaches and marketing strategies. References: CLARKE, Andrew. The future for Qantas : still calling Australia home? [online]. ALTERNATIVE LAW JOURNAL; 31 (2) June 2006: 97-98. Coles, T and Hall, M.C., (2008) International Business and Tourism: Global Issues, Contemporary Interactions., Routledge Davidson, W. H. (1983). Market Similarity and Market Selection: Implications for International Marketing Strategy. Journal Of Business Research, 11(4), 439-456. Forsyth, Anthony and Stewart, Andrew. Of ‘kamikazes’ and ‘mad men’: The fallout from the Qantas industrial dispute [online]. Melbourne University Law Review, Vol. 36, No. 3, 2013: 785-830. Hazledine, T., (2011) Price discrimination in Australasian air travel markets. New Zealand Economic Papers., Vol. 45, Issue. 3 Holmes, L. (2013). High-flyer. Financial Management (14719185), 42(3), 32-34. IBISWorld (2014) Major companies. Accessed 3 April 2014 < http://clients1.ibisworld.com.au/reports/au/industry/majorcompanies.aspx?entid=471#MP32> Mules, R. (2013). The Long Haul:The QANTAS – Emirates Alliance. Busidate, 21(3), 2-4. Oneworld (2014) < http://www.oneworld.com/news-information/oneworld-fact-sheets/introduction-to-oneworld> Accessed on 9 April 2014 Oxenbridge, S., Wallace, J., White, L., Tiernan, S., & Lansbury, R. (2010). A comparative analysis of restructuring employment relationships in Qantas and Aer Lingus: different routes, similar destinations. International Journal Of Human Resource Management, 21(2), Pansiri, J., and Courvisanos, J., (2010) Attitude to Risk in technology-based strategic Alliances for Tourism. International Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Administration, Vol.11, Issue. 3 Passport QANTAS AIRWAYRS LTD IN TRAVEL AND TOURSIM (WORLD) (August 2013) Peter J. Danaher, John H. Roberts, Ken Roberts, Alan Simpson, (2011) Practice Prize Paper—Applying a Dynamic Model of Consumer Choice to Guide Brand Development at Jetstar Airways. Marketing Science 30(4):586-594 Qantas Airways Limited SWOT Analysis. (2014). Qantas Airways SWOT Analysis, 1-8. Qantas Group (2014) http://www.qantas.com.au/infodetail/about/environment/our-commitment-to-environmental-sustainability.pdf Accessed on 5 April 2014

Autobiography of William Penn essays

Autobiography of William Penn essays William Penn is one of the most famous and well-known figures of our history to this day. Through his many travels and his dedication, William Penn became for the future generations of Americans both a spokesman and a model for an ideal American. His autobiography, The Autobiography of William Penn, follows his life from a child to the time he died in 1718. It seems as though William Penn wrote what his life was really like in his autobiography. He did not seem boastful and make it seem like luxury. On the other hand, he did not tell all negative stories to make his life seem miserable either. He was not biased and he told it how it was. There were many ups and downs in his life and he had to work hard to become the person that he is perceived as being today. For example, his father, who was a sea captain, went away at sea after his sons baptism which was soon after his birth. This meant that he did not have much support from his family for most of his lifetime. He also was very poor after he returned to England and was fined for the new colony. This led to many challenges such as not being able to support his family and being unable to watch over his new settlement in America. He did not have an easy life as some may think. The autobiography actually answered many questions I had about William Penn. I was surprised to find out that his beliefs in Quakers were so strong that he went against his father who told him that was not what he should believe. I was also one of the people that thought that William Penn always lived a life of luxury. But the book proved me wrong in that he had to work hard to become the William Penn we all know today. I also found out that he had many problems in his life like most people. He actually is not different from most people. He had many ups and downs in his life like the rest of us. William Penn was born in London on October 14, 1644 during the civil wars in England. His father, Sir Willi...

Identify the Cottonwoods - Trees in the Willow Family

Identify the Cottonwoods - Trees in the Willow Family The common cottonwoods are three species of poplars in the section Aegiros of the genus Populus, native to North America, Europe, and western Asia. They are very similar to and in the same genus as other true poplars and aspens. They also tend to rustle and chitter in a breeze. The Eastern Cottonwood, Populus deltoides, is of the largest North American hardwood trees, although the wood is rather soft. It is a riparian zone tree. It occurs throughout the eastern United States and just into southern Canada. The Black Cottonwood,  Populus balsamifera, grows mostly west of the Rocky Mountains and is the largest Western cottonwood. It is also called Western balsam poplar and California poplar and the leaf has fine teeth, unlike the other cottonwoods. The Fremont Cottonwood, Populus fremontii occurs in California east to Utah and Arizona and south into northwest Mexico; it is similar to Eastern Cottonwood, differing mainly in the leaves having fewer, larger serrations on the leaf  edge  and small differences in the flower and seed pod structure. Quick  Identification Using Leaves, Bark and Flowers Leaves: alternate, triangular, coarsely curved teeth, leafstalks flattened.Bark: yellowish green and smooth on young trees but deeply furrowed in maturity.Flowers: catkins, male-female on separate trees. Quick Winter Identification Using Bark and Location These most common cottonwoods become very large trees (up to 165 feet) and usually occupy wet riparian  areas in the East or seasonally dry creek beds in the West. Mature trees have bark that is thick, grayish-brown, and deeply furrowed with scaly ridges. Young bark is smooth and thin.